Articles
page 2 / 41
IPFSBeginnerA CID is only an address; content survives only while someone pins it. Use CIDv1 and ipfs:// URIs, pin with at least two independent providers, keep a CAR backup, and test retrieval first.
#dapp-development#nfts#storage
ArbitrumIntermediateRollups execute off-chain and post data to Ethereum. Optimistic rollups like Arbitrum assume validity unless a fault proof wins during a challenge window; ZK rollups post a validity proof per batch.
#scaling#zero-knowledge
EthereumBeginnerChoose Foundry if your team lives in Solidity and wants fast fuzz and invariant tests; choose Hardhat if contracts ship inside a TypeScript stack. Many teams use both with shared compiler settings.
#dev-tools#solidity#testing
ChainlinkIntermediateUse latestRoundData, reject non-positive or stale answers based on the feed's heartbeat, normalize with decimals(), and on L2s check the Sequencer Uptime Feed with a grace period.
#defi#oracles#security
BitcoinIntermediateA stuck transaction pays too low a feerate. The sender can replace it with a higher-fee version (RBF), or anyone with an output can spend it in a high-fee child so the package gets mined (CPFP).
#transactions#troubleshooting
EthereumIntermediateUpdate state before any external call (checks-effects-interactions), add nonReentrant to every function sharing that state, and treat token hooks and user-supplied addresses as external calls.
#security#smart-contracts#solidity
SolanaBeginnerSome account would end the transaction with more than zero lamports but less than its rent-exempt minimum. Find it by index, then fund it fully, sweep it to zero, or fund your reallocs.
#rust#smart-contracts#troubleshooting
GeneralBeginnerBitcoin tracks unspent outputs and wallets compute balances, with implicit fees and change outputs. Ethereum stores a balance and nonce per account, so nonce management replaces coin selection.
#basics#transactions
EthereumIntermediateThe EVM hit a REVERT and undid the call. The reason is in the revert data: decode Error(string), Panic codes and custom errors with ethers, or replay a failed transaction with cast run.
#smart-contracts#solidity#troubleshooting
SolanaIntermediateFetch the blockhash at confirmed commitment right before signing, add a priority fee, and rebroadcast the same signed bytes until confirmed or past lastValidBlockHeight; only then re-sign.
#transactions#troubleshooting
BitcoinBeginnerMiners hash an 80-byte block header until its double SHA-256 falls below a target. Difficulty retargets every 2016 blocks, and nodes follow the chain with the most cumulative work.
#basics#consensus#mining
EthereumIntermediateNonce too low means that nonce is already used; underpriced means a pending tx holds it and you didn't raise both fee fields enough. Pick nonces from "pending" and serialize sends per key.
#ethers.js#transactions#troubleshooting
