KaspaIntermediateEach Kaspa block references every tip it sees, so parallel blocks are merged, not orphaned. GHOSTDAG colours well-connected blocks blue and orders the DAG, supporting 10 PoW blocks per second since Crescendo.
#consensus#mining#scaling
CelestiaIntermediateA DA layer guarantees rollup data was published. Celestia erasure-codes blocks into a 2D square, so light nodes sampling a few random shares catch withholding; fraud proofs catch bad encoding.
#cryptography#nodes#scaling
BitcoinIntermediateOrdinals number every sat and track it first-in-first-out; inscriptions put files in Taproot witness data on a sat; Runes are UTXO-based tokens in OP_RETURN. Indexers, not nodes, interpret all of them.
#nfts#tokens#transactions
HyperliquidIntermediateHyperliquid builds the exchange into the chain: HyperCore runs order books, margin, liquidations and the HLP vault as native logic under HotStuff-style HyperBFT, with HyperEVM alongside under the same consensus.
#consensus#defi#performance
GeneralBeginnerKeep a small hot wallet for operations and hold the treasury behind several hardware-backed keys, held by different people, through multisig or MPC, with spend policies, transaction simulation and a tested recovery plan.
#enterprise-blockchain#security#wallets
StacksIntermediateStacks miners spend BTC that goes to STX stackers, Clarity contracts can read Bitcoin state, and Nakamoto added fast blocks with Bitcoin finality. sBTC is a 1:1 BTC-backed token secured by a threshold signer set.
#bridges#consensus#smart-contracts
DogecoinIntermediateLitecoin miners commit a Dogecoin block hash in their coinbase, so any Scrypt hash below Dogecoin's easier target counts as AuxPoW. Dogecoin gets Litecoin's hashrate but also shares its pools and risks.
#consensus#mining#security
ArweaveBeginnerYou pay once into an endowment sized for about 200 years of storage, betting on falling disk costs, and mining requires holding data. Prices move with AR, most uploads go through bundlers, and nothing can be deleted.
#basics#privacy#storage
Internet ComputerIntermediateA canister is Wasm code plus heap and stable memory. It pays for compute, messages, storage and HTTPS outcalls in stable-priced cycles made from ICP; below its freezing threshold it freezes, and at zero it's wiped.
#dapp-development#gas-&-fees#smart-contracts
ZcashIntermediateTransparent ZEC works like Bitcoin; shielded Sapling and Orchard notes hide sender, receiver and amount with zk-SNARKs. Stay fully shielded: crossing pools or linking t-addresses leaks amounts and identity.
#privacy#transactions#wallets
HederaIntermediateHashgraph has no block producer. Nodes gossip events that record who heard what, then compute the order and median timestamps locally through virtual voting, giving aBFT finality in seconds and fair ordering.
#basics#consensus#enterprise-blockchain